It’s a fact of life: As we grow up, we have to start doing all kinds of things for ourselves.
In Spanish, we have a whole different class of verbs to talk about those things!
They’re called reflexive verbs.
Thankfully, the rules of reflexive verbs are actually very simple!
Once you learn all you need to know in this ultimate guide to reflexive verbs, you’ll be set—no matter what stage you’re at.
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What’s a Reflexive Verb?
A reflexive verb is a verb that refers to something the subject does to itself. Any given day is full of tasks that you need to complete “upon yourself,” such as brushing your own hair or waking yourself up. These verbs reflect upon themselves, hence they’re known as “reflexive” verbs.
The easiest way to recognize an infinitive (unconjugated) reflexive verb is that, rather than ending with -ar, -ir or -er, it’ll always end with –se. For example:
Standard verb: lavar
— to wash
Reflexive verb: lavarse
— to wash oneself
The reflexive verb pattern could be explained as referring to an instance when the subject completes action on itself.
On the other hand, with a regular verb the subject completes an action on another subject or object.
Most reflexive verbs are simply regular verbs with a –se added to them to indicate that the subject and object are the same. Some, however, are unable to be anything except reflexive. Consider the verb “repent” in English. Only the subject can repent, for themselves. The subject can’t repent for someone else.
Therefore, in Spanish, arrepentirse
(to repent, to regret) can’t be used without the –se or reflexive element. The same can be said of quejarse
(to complain).
Reflexive verbs are also sometimes used to describe an emotional response. The English equivalent of this is “becoming something” (e.g., I became sad) or something “making you” feel a certain way (e.g., “I get bored” or “it makes me happy”).
In Spanish, the reflexive verb format is:
Te alegras de leer.
— It makes you happy to read.
Me aburro de estudiar.
— I get bored with studying.
Now that you know what a Spanish reflexive verb looks like, let’s learn how to use them.
How to Use Reflexive Verbs in Spanish
Using reflexive verbs in Spanish will soon become second nature—a reflex, if you will—but this will only happen if you take the time now to really learn how reflexive verbs function.
I’m going to break it all down into five neat steps for you. By the end of this post, you’ll be well on your way to conquering these pesky verbs!
1. Know Your Pronouns
To understand how to use reflexive verbs, you’ll need to understand pronouns. Pronouns are those pesky, two- or three-letter words that reflexive verbs need to make sense. They’re the equivalents of “myself,” “yourself” and so on.
Reflexive pronouns are almost the same as indirect object pronouns.
There’s just one key difference: Instead of le or les for the third person singular and plural, reflexive pronouns use se
.
| Spanish pronoun | |
|---|---|
| Singular | 1st person (yo): me 2nd person (tú): te 3rd person (él/ella, usted): se |
| Plural | 1st person (nosotros): nos 2nd person (vosotros): os 3rd person (ellos/ellas, ustedes): se |
Let’s see that in action!
The reflexive verb lavarse could be conjugated as:
Me lavo las manos.
— I wash my hands.
Te lavas las manos.
— You wash your hands.
When the subject is yo, the pronoun me is used. When the subject is tú, the pronoun te is used and so forth.
It’s good to hear these pronouns in action. The time we most often use them is when talking about our daily routines. Try this YouTube video to watch a native Spanish speaker talking about her daily routine.
If you want to practice them yourself, you can search the authentic Spanish videos on the FluentU program to find more video examples of these words being used by native speakers.
2. Place Your Pronouns
One of the hardest parts of learning reflexive verbs is knowing where to place a pronoun.
They’re often the most confusing part about reflexive verbs for non-Spanish speakers, but if you know the key rules it won’t seem so hard anymore! Soon it will become second nature.
Here are the three big rules that you need to remember about placing pronouns:
1. Usually, a pronoun goes before a reflexive verb.
Formula: subject + pronoun + verb + object
Example: Yo me cepillo el pelo.
— I brush my hair.
Yo (subject) me (pronoun) cepillo (verb) el pelo (object)
2. When there are more verbs next to the reflexive verb, the pronoun is placed before the first verb.
Formula: subject + pronoun + auxiliary verb + reflexive verb + object
Example: Yo me he cepillado el pelo.
— I have brushed my hair.
Yo (subject) me (pronoun) he (aux verb) cepillado (reflexive verb) el pelo (object)
Example: Yo me estoy cepillando el pelo.
— I’m brushing my hair.
Yo (subject) me (pronoun) estoy (aux verb) cepillando (reflexive verb) el pelo (object)
Example: Yo me voy a cepillar el pelo.
— I’m going to brush my hair.
Yo (subject) me (pronoun) voy a (aux verb phrase) cepillar (reflexive verb) el pelo (object)
3. But when the reflexive verb is in its gerund or infinitive form, the pronoun can also go at the end of the verb itself. So, the last two examples can also be written as follows:
Formula: subject + auxiliary verb (if any) + reflexive verb-pronoun + object
Example: Yo estoy cepillándome* el pelo.
Yo (subject) estoy (aux verb) cepillándo (reflexive verb) me (pronoun) el pelo (object)
Example: Yo voy a cepillarme el pelo.
Yo (subject) voy a (aux verb phrase) cepillar (reflexive verb) me (pronoun) el pelo (object)
*Note that there’s an accent placed on the a. The accent should be placed on the a in -ando (in -ar verbs) and the e in –iendo (in -er and –ir verbs) when the verb and the pronoun are merged into one word.
Lastly, commands are a special case worth mentioning:
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| In a positive command, the pronoun must always go at the end of the conjugated reflexive verb. | ¡Vístete! — Get dressed! |
| In a negative command, the pronoun must always go before the conjugated reflexive verb. | ¡No te levantes! — Don’t get up! |
To learn more about sentence structure in Spanish, check out this post.
3. Get Those Negatives Right
The no always goes before the pronoun. Imagine the formula like this:
Formula: No + pronoun + conjugated reflexive verb
Example: No me ducho.
— I don’t shower myself.
No (no) me (pronoun) ducho (conjugated reflexive verb)
The no may only go immediately before the pronoun in this case. When the pronoun is at the end of the verb, things look a little different. Consider the following.
Formula: No + verb + reflexive verb + pronoun (In this formula the reflexive verb and pronoun are merged into one word)
Example: Ella no está peinándose.
— She isn’t combing her hair.
Example: Ella no va a peinarse.
— She isn’t going to comb her hair.
“That’s a fair few rules,” I hear you saying. Once you master them you won’t even have to think about them anymore. Just like you don’t think about how you speak in English—you just do it.
4. Nail Objects and Ownership
The detectives among you might have noticed something unexpected: The articles of objects involved in reflexive verb actions don’t change to become owned by the subject. In English we’d say “I wash my hands.” The article before hands is changed to the first person, so that the listener knows that the hands belong to us. The same could be said of many other sentences.
In Spanish, however, changing the ownership via the article isn’t necessary. You’ll instead see sentences like:
Me lavo las manos.
— I wash my hands.
Look carefully, las manos (the hands) hasn’t been changed to mis manos (my hands). That’s because, thanks to the reflexive verb, it’s very clear in Spanish that the subject is washing their own hands. Remember that in all constructions of Spanish sentences with reflexive verbs it’s unnecessary to reiterate ownership through articles in front of objects.
5. Conjugate with Confidence
Conjugate a reflexive verb just as you would a regular verb.
Remember that the subject is doing the verb to themselves, so you would conjugate in that form. For example, in me peino
(lit. I comb myself, meaning: I brush my hair) the conjugation of peino is in the first person singular as is the pronoun.
Remember: Reflexive verbs are usually regular in their conjugation and the key rules of pronoun placements never change. If a verb refers to a subject completing an action upon themselves, it’s reflexive! Just add se!
Let’s take a look at some conjugations in the present, preterite, imperfect, conditional and future tenses:
Regular -ar verbs: Peinarse
— to brush one’s hair
Regular -er verbs: Comerse
— to eat
Regular -ir verbs: Aburrirse
— to become bored
Must-know Spanish Reflexive Verbs
Now that you’ve learned how to use reflexive verbs in Spanish, here are some more common reflexive verbs that you can start incorporating into your vocabulary:
With practice, you’ll be able to start using Spanish reflexive verbs naturally in your own conversations!
¡Diviértete!
(Have fun!)
Download:
This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you
can take anywhere.
Click here to get a copy. (Download)
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